Isothiocyanato compounds, including tolanes

ABSTRACT

Liquid-crystalline media comprising one or more compounds of formula Tas defined in claim 1, and high-frequency components comprising these media, especially microwave components for high-frequency devices, such as devices for shifting the phase of microwaves, tunable filters, tunable metamaterial structures, and electronic beam steering antennas, e.g. phased array antennas.

The present invention relates to isothiocyanato, including tolane, derivatives, liquid-crystalline media comprising isothiocyanato derivatives, and to high-frequency components comprising these media, especially microwave components for high-frequency devices, such as devices for shifting the phase of microwaves, tunable filters, tunable metamaterial structures, and electronic beam steering antennas (e.g. phased array antennas), and to devices comprising said components.

Liquid-crystalline media have been used for many years in electro-optical displays (liquid crystal displays: LCDs) in order to display information. More recently, however, liquid-crystalline media have also been proposed for use in components for microwave technology, such as, for example, in DE 10 2004 029 429.1 A and in JP 2005-120208 (A).

A. Gaebler, F. Goelden, S. Müller, A. Penirschke and R. Jakoby “Direct Simulation of Material Permittivites using an Eigen-Susceptibility Formulation of the Vector Variational Approach”, 12MTC 2009—International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 2009 (IEEE), pp. 463-467, describe the corresponding properties of the known liquid-crystal mixture E7 (Merck KGaA, Germany).

DE 10 2004 029 429 A describes the use of liquid-crystal media in microwave technology, inter alia in phase shifters. Therein, liquid-crystalline media with respect to their properties in the corresponding frequency range have been discussed and liquid-crystalline media based on mixtures of mostly aromatic nitriles and isothiocyanates have been shown.

In EP 2 982 730 A1, mixtures are described that completely consist of isothiocyanate compounds.

However, these compositions are all still afflicted with several disadvantages. It is required to improve these media with respect to their general physical properties, the shelf life and the stability under operation in a device. In view of the multitude of different parameters which have to be considered and improved for the development of liquid crystalline media for microwave application it is desirable to have a broader range of possible mixture components for the development of such liquid-crystalline media.

An object of the present invention is to provide a compound for use in liquid crystalline media with improved properties relevant for application in the microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

To solve the problem, a compound of formula T shown below is provided and a liquid crystalline medium comprising the compound.

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a compound of formula T

-   -   in which     -   R^(T) denotes halogen, CN, NCS, R^(F), R^(F)—O— or R^(F)—S—,         wherein R^(F) denotes fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkenyl         having 1 to 12 C atoms,

on each occurrence, independently of one another, denote

where one or both, preferably one of

alternatively denote

in which one or two H atoms, identically or differently, are optionally replaced by a radical L¹;

-   -   L¹ and L² identically or differently, denote F, Cl or straight         chain or branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl each having 1 to 12         C atoms;     -   Z^(T1), Z^(T2) identically or differently, denote —CH═CH—,         —CF═CF—, —CH═CF—, —CF═CH—, —C≡C— or a single bond, wherein at         least one of Z^(T1) and Z^(T2) denotes —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—,         —CH═CF—, —CF═CH— or —C≡C—, and     -   t is 0 or 1.

The present invention further relates to a liquid-crystalline medium comprising a compound of formula T and to the use of a liquid-crystalline medium comprising a compound of formula T in a component for high-frequency technology.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a component and a device comprising said component, both operable in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Preferred components are phase shifters, varactors, wireless and radio wave antenna arrays, matching circuits and adaptive filters.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention are subject-matter of the dependent claims or can be taken from the description.

Surprisingly, it has been found that it is possible to achieve liquid-crystalline media having excellent stability and at the same time a high dielectric anisotropy, suitably fast switching times, a suitable, nematic phase range, high tunability and low dielectric loss, by using compounds of formula T in liquid-crystalline media.

The media according to the present invention are preferably distinguished by a high clearing temperature, a broad nematic phase range and excellent LTS. As a result, devices containing the media are operable under extreme temperature conditions.

The media are further preferably distinguished by high values of the dielectric anisotropy and low rotational viscosities. As a result, the threshold voltage, i.e., the minimum voltage at which a device is switchable, is preferably very low. A low operating voltage and low threshold voltage is desired in order to enable a device having improved switching characteristics and high energy efficiency. Low rotational viscosities enable fast switching of the devices according to the invention.

These properties as a whole make the media particularly suitable for use in components and devices for high-frequency technology and applications in the microwave range, in particular devices for shifting the phase of microwaves, tunable filters, tunable metamaterial structures, and electronic beam steering antennas (e.g. phased array antennas).

Herein, “high-frequency technology” means applications of electromagnetic radiation having frequencies in the range of from 1 MHz to 1 THz, preferably from 1 GHz to 500 GHz, more preferably 2 GHz to 300 GHz, particularly preferably from about 5 GHz to 150 GHz.

As used herein, halogen is F, C, Br or I, preferably F or C, particularly preferably F.

Herein, alkyl is straight-chain or branched and has 1 to 15 C atoms, is preferably straight-chain and has, unless indicated otherwise, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms and is accordingly preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl.

Herein, cycloalkyl is taken to mean a cyclic alkyl or alkenyl group having 1 to 5 ring atoms which is optionally substituted with halogen, or alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy each having up to 5 C atoms, and preferably denotes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, methylcyclopropyl, methylcyclobutyl, methylcyclopentenyl or metylcyclopentyl.

Herein, an alkoxy radical is straight-chain or branched and contains 1 to 15 C atoms. It is preferably straight-chain and has, unless indicated otherwise, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms and is accordingly preferably methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy or heptoxy.

Herein, an alkenyl radical is preferably an alkenyl radical having 2 to 15 C atoms, which is straight-chain or branched and contains at least one C—C double bond. It is preferably straight-chain and has 2 to 7 C atoms. Accordingly, it is preferably vinyl, prop-1- or -2-enyl, but-1-, -2- or -3-enyl, pent-1-, -2-, -3- or -4-enyl, hex-1-, -2-, -3-, -4- or -5-enyl, hept-1-, -2-, -3-, -4-, -5- or -6-enyl. If the two C atoms of the C—C double bond are substituted, the alkenyl radical can be in the form of E and/or Z isomer (trans/cis). In general, the respective E isomers are preferred. Of the alkenyl radicals, prop-2-enyl, but-2- and -3-enyl, and pent-3- and -4-enyl are particularly preferred.

Herein, alkynyl is taken to mean an alkynyl radical having 2 to 15 C atoms, which is straight-chain or branched and contains at least one C—C triple bond. 1- and 2-propynyl and 1-, 2- and 3-butynyl are preferred.

In case R^(F) denotes a halogenated alkyl-, alkoxy-, alkenyl or alkenyloxy it can be branched or unbranched. Preferably it is unbranched, mono-poly or perfluorinated, preferably perfluorinated and has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms, in case of alkenyl 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms.

R^(T) preferably denotes CN, NCS, Cl, F, —(CH₂)_(n)—CH═CF₂, —(CH₂)_(n)—CH═CHF, —(CH₂)_(n)—CH═Cl₂, —C_(n)F_(2n+1), —(CF₂)_(n)—CF₂H, —(CH₂)_(n)—CF₃, —(CH₂)_(n)—CHF₂, —(CH₂)_(n)CH₂F, —CH═CF₂, —O(CH₂)_(n)—CH═CF₂, —O(CH₂)_(n)CHCl₂, —OC_(n)F_(2n+1), —O(CF₂)_(n)—CF₂H, —O(CH₂)_(n)CF₃, —O(CH₂)_(n)—CHF₂, —O(CF)_(n)CH₂F, —OCF═CF₂, —SC_(n)F_(2n+1), —S(CF)_(n)—CF₃, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 7.

The compounds of the general formula T are prepared by methods known per se, as described in the literature (for example in the standard works, such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), to be precise under reaction conditions which are known and are suitable for the said reactions. Use can be made here of variants which are known per se, but are not mentioned here in greater detail.

If desired, the starting materials can also be formed in situ by not isolating them from the reaction mixture, but instead immediately converting them further into the compounds of the general formula T.

Preferred synthetic pathways towards compounds according to the invention are exemplified in the scheme below, and are further illustrated by means of the working examples. Suitable syntheses are published for example in Juanli Li, Jian Li, Minggang Hu, Zhaoyi Che, Lingchao Mo, Xiaozhe Yang, Zhongwei An & Lu Zhang (2017). The effect of locations of triple bond at terphenyl skeleton on the properties of isothiocyanate liquid crystals, Liquid Crystals, 44:9, 1374-1383 and can be adapted to the particular desired compounds of the general formula T by choice of suitable starting materials.

In scheme 1, the groups have the meanings defined in claim 1, and X¹ and X² denote a leaving group. Examples of leaving groups are Cl, Br, I, and alkylsulfonate such as tosylate, mesylate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, nosylate, and the like. X¹ and X² can be the same or different, preferably different. Particularly preferably, X¹ is more reactive than X², in particular X¹ denotes I and X² denotes Br.

The boronic acid 1 is reacted by Suzuki cross coupling to the biaryl 3 which undergoes Sonogashira coupling with alkynes 4 to give aniline derivatives 5. Anilines 5 are transferred into isothiocyanates 6 using known reactions. Preferred reagents for the process according to the invention are carbon disulfide, thiophosgene, thiocarbonyl diimidazole, di-2-pyridyl thionocarbonate, bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide, dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride and phenyl chlorothionoformate.

In formula T the groups Z^(T1) and Z^(T2) preferably denote a single bond or —C≡C—, wherein at least one of Z^(T1) and Z^(T2) denotes —C≡C—.

Preferably, the compounds of formula T are selected from the compounds of the formulae T-1 to T-4 below, more preferably selected from the compounds of the formulae T-2, T-3 and T-4, and in particular selected from the compounds of the formulae T-2 and T-3

in which

-   L¹¹ and L¹² identically or differently, denote H, F, Cl, methyl or     ethyl, -   L¹³, L¹⁴ and L¹⁵ identically or differently, denote H, F, C, methyl,     ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or     cyclopentenyl, -   R^(T) denotes halogen, CN, NCS, R^(F), R^(F)—O— or R^(F)—S—, wherein     R^(F) denotes fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkenyl having 1 to     12 C atoms, preferably CF₃ or CF₃O, very preferably CF₃O.

In the formulae T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4, very preferably L¹¹ and L¹² both denote F, very preferably one of L¹³ and L¹⁴ has one of the meanings given above, in particular methyl, ethyl or F, and the other of L¹³ and L¹⁴ denotes H, and in the formulae T-2, T-3 and T-4 L¹⁵ very preferably denotes H.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the medium further comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae I, II, and III,

in which

-   R¹ denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1     to 17, preferably 3 to 10 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl,     unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to     15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, in which one or more CH₂— groups     may be replaced by

-   -   preferably unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl,

-   n is 0, 1 or 2,

-   -   on each occurrence, independently of one another, denote

-   -   -   in which R^(L), on each occurrence, identically or             differently, denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms,             preferably H, methyl or ethyl, particularly preferably H,         -   and wherein

-   -   -   alternatively denotes

-   -   -   preferably

-   -   and in case n=2, one of

preferably denotes

and the other preferably denotes

preferably

-   -   independently of one another, denote

more preferably

denotes

denotes

denotes

-   R² denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1     to 17, preferably 3 to 10 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl,     unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to     15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, in which one or more CH₂-groups may     be replaced by

-   -   preferably unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl,

-   Z²¹ denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or —C≡C—, preferably —C≡C— or     trans-CH═CH—, and

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   -   -   in which R^(L), on each occurrence, identically or             differently, denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms,             preferably H, methyl or ethyl, particularly preferably H,         -   and wherein

-   preferably

-   -   independently of one another, denote

preferably denotes

preferably denotes

more preferably

-   R³ denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1     to 17, preferably 3 to 10 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl,     unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to     15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, in which one or more CH₂-groups may     be replaced by

-   -   preferably unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl,

-   one of Z³¹ and Z³², preferably Z³²; denotes trans-CH═CH—,     trans-CF═CF— or —C≡C— and the other one, independently thereof,     denotes —C≡C—, trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or a single bond,     preferably one of them, preferably Z³²; denotes —C≡C— or     trans-CH═CH— and the other denotes a single bond, and

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   -   -   in which R^(L), on each occurrence, identically or             differently, denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms,             preferably H, methyl or ethyl, particularly preferably H,         -   and wherein

alternatively independently denotes

preferably

-   -   independently of one another, denote

more preferably

denotes

denotes

-   -   in particular

denotes

-   -   in particular

In the compounds of the formulae I, II and III, R^(L) preferably denotes H.

In another preferred embodiment, in the compounds of formulae I, II, and III, one or two groups R^(L), preferably one group R^(L) is different from H.

Preferably, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula TA

in which the occurring groups have the meanings given above for formula T, and t is 0 or 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystalline media according to the invention comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae TA-1 and TA-2,

in which

have the meanings given above for formula T, and

-   n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4, particularly     preferably 1.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the media comprise one or more compounds of formula TA-1.

Preferred compounds of formula TA-1 are selected from the group of compounds of the following sub-formulae:

in which n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1.

Very preferably, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula TA-1e.

In another particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the media comprise one or more compounds of formula TA-2.

Preferred compounds of formula TA-2 are selected from the group of compounds of the following sub-formulae:

in which n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compounds of formula I are selected from the group of compounds of the formulae I-1 to I-5:

in which

-   L¹, L² and L³ on each occurrence, identically or differently, denote     H or F,     and the other groups have the respective meanings indicated above     for formula I and preferably -   R¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.

The media preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula I-1, which are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-1a to I-1d, preferably of formula I-1b:

in which R¹ has the meaning indicated above for formula I and preferably denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.

The media preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula I-2, which are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-2a to I-2e, preferably of formula I-2c:

in which R¹ has the meaning indicated above for formula I and preferably denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.

The media preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula I-3, which are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-3a to I-3d, particularly preferably of formula I-3b:

in which R¹ has the meaning indicated above for formula I and preferably denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.

The media preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula I-4, which are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-4a to I-4e, particularly preferably of formula I-4b:

in which R¹ has the meaning indicated above for formula I and preferably denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.

The media preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula I-5, which are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-5a to I-5d, particularly preferably of formula I-5b:

in which R¹ has the meaning indicated above for formula I and preferably denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms.

The media preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula II, which are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae II-1 to 11-3, preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae II-1 and 11-2:

in which the occurring groups have the meanings given under formula above and preferably

-   R² denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   and one of

and denotes

-   -   and the other, independently denotes

-   -   -   preferably

-   -   -   most preferably

and preferably

-   R² denotes C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula II-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae II-1a to II-1e:

in which

-   R² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   n independently of one another, denote an integer in the range from     0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and particularly     preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula II-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae II-2a and II-2b:

in which

-   R² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula II-3 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the of formulae II-3a to II-3d:

in which

-   R² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula III are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae III-1 to III-6, more preferably of the formulae selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae III-1, III-2, III-3 and III-4, and particularly preferably of formula III-1:

in which

-   Z³¹ and Z³² independently of one another denote trans-CH═CH— or     trans-CF═CF—, preferably trans-CH═CH—, and in formula III-6     alternatively one of Z³¹ and Z³² may denote —C≡C— and the other     groups have the meaning given above under formula III, -   and preferably -   R³ denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   and one of

preferably

denotes

preferably

-   -   and the others, independently of one another, denote

-   -   preferably

-   -   more preferably

where

-   -   alternatively denotes

and preferably

-   R³ denotes C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula III-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae III-1a to III-1k, more preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae III-1a, III-1b, III-1g and III-1h, particularly preferably of formula III-1b and/or III-1h:

in which

-   R³ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula III-2 are preferably compounds of formula III-2a to III-2l, very preferably III-2b and/or III-2j:

in which R³ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z,

-   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of formula III-5 are preferably selected from the compounds of formula III-5a:

-   R³ has the meaning indicated above for formula III-5 and preferably     denotes C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the     range from 1 to 5.

In a preferred embodiment, the media according to the invention comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae IIA-1-1 to IIA-1-12, very preferably IIA-1-1 or IIA-1-2:

in which

-   R¹ denotes alkyl or alkenyl having up to 7 C atoms, preferably     ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or n-pentyl, n-hexyl, -   R^(L) on each occurrence, the same or differently, denotes alkyl or     alkenyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, or cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl each     having 3 to 6 C atoms,     -   preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isopropyl,         cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclopent-1-enyl, very         preferably ethyl, -   and from which the compounds of formula II-1 are excluded.

Additionally, the liquid-crystalline media according to the present invention in a certain embodiment, which may be the same or different from the previous preferred embodiments preferably comprise one or more compounds of formula IV,

in which

denotes

-   s is 0 or 1, preferably 1, and -   preferably

denotes

particularly preferably

-   L⁴ denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms, cycloalkyl having 3 to     6 C atoms or cycloalkenyl having 4 to 6 C atoms, preferably CH₃,     C₂H₅, n-C₃H₇, i-C₃H₇, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl,     cyclopent-1-enyl or cyclohex-1-enyl, and particularly preferably     CH₃, C₂H₅, cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl, -   X⁴ denotes H, alkyl having 1 to 3 C atoms or halogen, preferably H,     F or Cl, more preferably H or F and very particularly preferably F, -   R⁴¹ to R⁴⁴, independently of one another, denote unfluorinated alkyl     or unfluorinated alkoxy, each having 1 to 15 C atoms, unfluorinated     alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl, each     having 2 to 15 C atoms, or cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl,     cycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkylalkyl or     alkylcycloalkenylalkyl, each having up to 15 C atoms, and     alternatively one of R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ or both also denote H, -   preferably -   R⁴¹ and R⁴², independently of one another, denote unfluorinated     alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy, each having 1 to 7 C atoms, or     unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated     alkoxyalkyl, each having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   particularly preferably -   R⁴¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated     alkoxyalkyl, each having 2 to 7 C atoms, and -   particularly preferably -   R⁴² denotes unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy, each having     1 to 7 C atoms, and preferably -   R⁴³ and R⁴⁴ denote H, unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms,     unfluorinated cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl having 3 to 7 C atoms,     unfluorinated alkylcyclohexyl or unfluorinated cyclohexylalkyl, each     having 4 to 12 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkylcyclohexylalkyl having     5 to 15 C atoms, particularly preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl or     cyclohexyl, and very particularly preferably at least one of R⁴³ and     R⁴⁴ denotes n-alkyl, particularly preferably methyl, ethyl or     n-propyl, and the other denotes H or n-alkyl, particularly     preferably H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystal medium additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae V, VI, VII, VIII and IX:

in which

-   L⁵¹ denotes R⁵¹ or X⁵¹, -   L⁵² denotes R⁵² or X⁵², -   R⁵¹ and R⁵², independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated     alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or     unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms, preferably alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl, -   X⁵¹ and X⁵², independently of one another, denote H, F, C, —CN, SF₅,     fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or     fluorinated alkenyl, fluorinated alkenyloxy or fluorinated     alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy,     fluorinated alkenyloxy, F or Cl, and

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   -   -   preferably

-   L⁶¹ denotes R⁶¹ and, in the case where Z⁶¹ and/or Z⁶² denote     trans-CH═CH— or trans-CF═CF—, alternatively also denotes X⁶¹, -   L⁶² denotes R⁶² and, in the case where Z⁶¹ and/or Z⁶² denote     trans-CH═CH— or trans-CF═CF—, alternatively also denotes X⁶², -   R⁶¹ and R⁶², independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated     alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or     unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms, preferably alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl, -   X⁶¹ and X⁶², independently of one another, denote F or C, —CN, SF₅,     fluorinated alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or fluorinated     alkenyl, alkenyloxy or alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   one of -   Z⁶¹ and Z⁶² denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or —C≡C— and the     other, independently thereof, denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or     a single bond, preferably one of them denotes —C≡C— or trans-CH═CH—     and the other denotes a single bond, and

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   -   -   preferably

-   and -   x denotes 0 or 1; -   L⁷¹ denotes R⁷¹ or X⁷¹, -   L⁷² denotes R⁷² or X⁷², -   R⁷¹ and R⁷², independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated     alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or     unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms, preferably alkyl or unfluorinated alkenyl, -   X⁷¹ and X⁷², independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl, —CN,     —NCS, —SF₅, fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C     atoms or fluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated or fluorinated     alkenyloxy or unfluorinated or fluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7     C atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy, fluorinated alkenyloxy, F or     Cl, and -   Z⁷¹ to Z⁷³, independently of one another, denote trans-CH═CH—,     trans-CF═CF—, —C≡C— or a single bond, preferably one or more of them     denote a single bond, particularly preferably all denote a single     bond and

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   -   -   preferably

-   R⁸¹ and R⁸², independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated     alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl, alkenyloxy or alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15,     preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably unfluorinated alkyl or     alkenyl, -   one of -   Z⁸¹ and Z⁸² denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or —C≡C— and the     other, independently thereof, denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or     a single bond, preferably one of them denotes —C≡C— or trans-CH═CH—     and the other denotes a single bond, and

denotes

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   L⁹¹ denotes R⁹¹ or X⁹¹, -   L⁹² denotes R⁹² or X⁹², -   R⁹¹ and R⁹², independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated     alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl, alkenyloxy or alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15,     preferably 3 to 10, C atoms, preferably unfluorinated alkyl or     alkenyl, -   X⁹¹ and X⁹², independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl, —CN,     —NCS, —SF₅, fluorinated alkyl or fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C     atoms or fluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated or fluorinated     alkenyloxy or unfluorinated or fluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7     C atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy, fluorinated alkenyloxy, F or     Cl, and -   Z⁹¹ to Z⁹³, independently of one another, denote trans-CH═CH—,     trans-CF═CF—, —C≡C— or a single bond, preferably one or more of them     denotes a single bond, and particularly preferably all denote a     single bond,

denotes

-   -   independently of one another, denote

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystal medium comprises one or more compounds of the formula V, preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1 to V-3, preferably of the formulae V-1 and/or V-2 and/or V-3, preferably of the formulae V-1 and V-2:

in which the occurring groups have the respective meanings indicated above for formula V and preferably

-   R⁵¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   R⁵² denotes unfluorinated alkyl having 1 to 7 C atoms or     unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkoxy     having 1 to 7 C atoms, -   X⁵¹ and X⁵², independently of one another, denote F, Cl, —OCF₃,     —CF₃, —CN or —SF₅, preferably F, Cl, —OCF₃ or —CN.

The compounds of the formula V-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1a to V-1d, preferably V-1c and V-1d

in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula V-1 and in which

-   Y⁵¹ and Y⁵², in each case independently of one another, denote H or     F, and preferably -   R⁵¹ denotes alkyl or alkenyl, and -   X⁵¹ denotes F, C or —OCF₃.

The compounds of the formula V-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-2a to V-2e and/or from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-2f and V-2g:

where in each case the compounds of the formula V-2a are excluded from the compounds of the formulae V-2b and V-2c, the compounds of the formula V-2b are excluded from the compounds of the formula V-2c and the compounds of the formula V-2f are excluded from the compounds of the formula V-2g, and in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula V-1 and in which

-   Y⁵¹ and Y⁵², in each case independently of one another, denote H or     F, and preferably -   Y⁵¹ and Y⁵² denotes H and the other denotes H or F, preferably     likewise denotes H.

The compounds of the formula V-3 are preferably compounds of the formula V-3a:

in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula V-1 and in which preferably

-   X⁵¹ denotes F, Cl, preferably F, -   X⁵² denotes F, C or —OCF₃, preferably —OCF₃.

The compounds of the formula V-1a are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1a-1 and V-1a-2:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the     range from 1 to 5 and particularly preferably 3 or 7.

The compounds of the formula V-1b are preferably compounds of the formula V-1b-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5.

The compounds of the formula V-1c are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1c-1 to V-1c-4, particularly preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1c-1 and V-1c-2:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5.

The compounds of the formula V-1d are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-1d-1 and V-1d-2, particularly preferably the compound of the formula V-1d-2:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5.

The compounds of the formula V-2a are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae V-2a-1 and V-2a-2, particularly preferably the compounds of the formula V-2a-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

Preferred combinations of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²), in particular in the case of formula V-2a-1, are (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)), (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H₂₊₁), (CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z and C_(m)H_(2m+1)), (CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂).

Preferred compounds of the formula V-2b are the compounds of the formula V-2b-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²) here is, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

Preferred compounds of the formula V-2c are the compounds of the formula V-2c-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²) here is, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

Preferred compounds of the formula V-2d are the compounds of the formula V-2d-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²) here is, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

Preferred compounds of the formula V-2e are the compounds of the formula V-2e-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²) here is, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

Preferred compounds of the formula V-2f are the compounds of the formula V-2f-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

Preferred compounds of the formula V-2g are the compounds of the formula V-2g-1:

in which

-   R⁵¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁵² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁵¹ and R⁵²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VI are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VI-1 to VI-5:

in which

-   Z⁶¹ and Z⁶² denote —C≡C—, trans-CH═CH— or trans-CF═CF—, preferably     —C≡C— or trans-CH═CH—, and the other occurring groups and parameters     have the meaning given above under formula VI, -   and preferably -   R⁶¹ and R⁶², independently of one another, denote H, unfluorinated     alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl     having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   X⁶² denotes F, Cl, —OCF₃ or —CN,

The compounds of the formula VI-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VI-1a and VI-1b, more preferably selected from compounds of the formula VI-1a:

in which

-   R⁶¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁶² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁶¹ and R⁶²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), in the case of formula VI-1a particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and in the case of formula VI-1b particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VI-3 are preferably selected from the compounds of the formula VI-3a to VI-3e:

in which the parameters have the meaning given above under formula VI-3 and preferably

-   R⁶¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the     range from 1 to 5, and -   X⁶² denotes —F, —Cl, —OCF₃, or —CN.

The compounds of the formula VI-4 are preferably selected from compounds of the formulae VI-4a to VI-4e:

in which the parameters have the meaning given above under formula VI-4 and preferably

-   R⁶¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the     range from 1 to 5, and -   X⁶² denotes F, Cl, OCF₃, or —CN.

The compounds of the formula VI-5 are preferably selected from the compounds of the formulae VI-5a to VI-5d, preferably VI-5b:

in which the parameters have the meaning given above under formula VI-5 and preferably

-   R⁶¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 7, preferably in the     range from 1 to 5, and -   X⁶² denotes —F, —Cl, —OCF₃, or —CN, particularly preferably —OCF₃.

The compounds of the formula VII are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VII-1 to VII-6:

where the compounds of the formula VII-5 are excluded from the compounds of the formula VII-6, and in which the parameters have the respective meanings indicated above for formula VII,

-   Y⁷¹, Y⁷², Y⁷³ independently from one another, denote H or F, -   and preferably -   R⁷¹ denotes unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy, each having 1 to 7 C     atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   R⁷² denotes unfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy, each having 1 to 7 C     atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 7 C atoms, -   X⁷² denotes F, Cl; NCS or —OCF₃, preferably F or NCS, and -   particularly preferably -   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁷² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of the formula VII-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VII-1a to VII-1d:

in which X⁷² has the meaning given above for formula VII-2 and

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), in which -   n denotes 1 to 7, preferably 2 to 6, particularly preferably 2, 3 or     5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2, and -   X⁷² preferably denotes F.

The compounds of the formula VII-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VII-2a and VII-2b, particularly preferably of the formula VII-2a:

in which

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁷² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁷¹ and R⁷²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VII-3 are preferably compounds of the formula VII-3a:

in which

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁷² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁷¹ and R⁷²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VII-4 are preferably compounds of the formula VII-4a:

in which

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁷² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁷¹ and R⁷²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VII-5 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VII-5a and VII-5b, more preferably of the formula VII-5a:

in which

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁷² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁷¹ and R⁷²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VII-6 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VII-6a and VII-6b:

in which

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁷² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁷¹ and R⁷²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VII-7 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VII-7a to VII-7d:

in which

-   R⁷¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, -   X⁷² denotes F, —OCF₃ or —NCS, -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and, -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The compounds of the formula VIII are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VIII-1 to VIII-3, more preferably these compounds of the formula VIII predominantly consist, even more preferably essentially consist and very particularly preferably completely consist thereof:

in which one of

-   Y⁸¹ and Y⁸² denotes H and the other denotes H or F, and -   R⁸¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁸² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁸¹ and R⁸²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VIII-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae VIII-1a to VIII-1c:

in which

-   R⁸¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁸² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁸¹ and R⁸²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VIII-2 are preferably compounds of the formula VIII-2a:

in which

-   R⁸¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁸² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁸¹ and R⁸²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)), (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z and C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula VIII-3 are preferably compounds of the formula VIII-3a:

in which

-   R⁸¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁸² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁸¹ and R⁸²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula IX are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IX-1 to IX-3:

in which the parameters have the respective meaning indicated above under formula IX and preferably one of

denotes

and in which

-   R⁹¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁹¹ and R⁹²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula IX-1 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IX-1a to IX-1e:

in which the parameters have the meaning given above and preferably

-   R⁹¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1), and -   n denotes an integer in the range from 0 to 15, preferably in the     range from 1 to 7 and particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   X⁹² preferably denotes F or Cl.

The compounds of the formula IX-2 are preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IX-2a and IX-2b:

in which

-   R⁹¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combination of (R⁹¹ and R⁹²) here is, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

The compounds of the formula IX-3 are preferably compounds of the formulae IX-3a and IX-3b:

in which

-   R⁹¹ has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(n)H_(2n+1) or CH₂═CH—(CH₂)z, and -   R⁹² has the meaning indicated above and preferably denotes     C_(m)H_(2m+1) or O—C_(m)H_(2m+1) or (CH₂)z-CH═CH₂, and in which -   n and m, independently of one another, denote an integer in the     range from 0 to 15, preferably in the range from 1 to 7 and     particularly preferably 1 to 5, and -   z denotes 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0 or 2.

The preferred combinations of (R⁹¹ and R⁹²) here are, in particular, (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and C_(m)H_(2m+1)) and (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)), particularly preferably (C_(n)H_(2n+1) and O—C_(m)H_(2m+1)).

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula X

in which

-   R¹⁰¹ denotes H, alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 15, preferably 3 to 10,     C atoms or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or     unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15, preferably 3 to 10, C     atoms, preferably alkyl or alkenyl, -   X¹⁰¹ denotes H, F, C, —CN, SF₅, NCS, fluorinated alkyl or     fluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 7 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl,     fluorinated alkenyloxy or fluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 7 C     atoms, preferably fluorinated alkoxy, fluorinated alkenyloxy, F, Cl     or NCS, particularly preferably NCS, -   Y¹⁰¹ denotes methyl, ethyl or Cl, -   Y¹⁰² denotes H, methyl, ethyl, F or Cl, preferably H or F, -   Z¹⁰¹, Z¹⁰² identically or differently, denote a single bond,     —CH═CH—, —CF═CF— or —C≡C—,

and

-   -   independently of one another, denote

-   -   preferably

and where

alternatively denotes

and

-   n is 0 or 1.

Preferably, the compounds of formula X are selected from the sub-formulae X-1 and X-2

in which the occurring groups and parameters have the meanings given above for formula X.

Particularly preferably, the media according to the invention comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae X-1-1 to X-1-9

In a preferred embodiment, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula XI

-   -   in which     -   R^(S) denotes H, alkyl or alkoxy having 1 to 12 C atoms, or         alkenyl, alkenyloxy or alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 12 C atoms, in         which one or more CH₂-groups may be replaced by,

and in which one or more H atoms may be replaced by F,

and

on each occurrence, independently of one another, denote

in which R^(L), on each occurrence identically or differently, denotes H, Cl or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms,

-   -   L^(S1), L^(S2) identically or differently, denote H, Cl or F,     -   R^(S1), R^(S2), identically or differently, denote H, alkyl or         alkenyl, having up to 6 C atoms, or cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,         cyclopentenyl, or cyclopentyl,     -   R^(Th1), R^(Th2) identically or differently, denote H, alkyl or         alkenyl or alkoxy, having up to 6 C atoms, or cyclopropyl,         cyclobutyl, cyclopentenyl or cyclopentyl,     -   Z^(S1), Z^(S2), Z^(S3) identically or differently, denote         —CH═CH—, —CH═CF—, —CF═CH—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, or a single bond,     -   a, b identically or differently, are 0 or 1.

Preferably, the compounds of formula XI are selected from the group of compounds of the formulae XI-1 to XI-24:

in which the occurring groups have the meanings given above for formula XI and preferably

-   R^(S) denotes alkyl or alkenyl having 2 to 6 C atoms, in which one     or more CH₂-groups may be replaced by

-   R^(S1) and R^(S2) identically or differently, denote H or alkyl     having 1 to 6 C atoms, preferably H, -   R^(S3) denotes H, F or alkyl, having up to 6 C atoms, or     cyclopropyl, preferably H, F or ethyl, very preferably H, -   L^(S1) and L^(S2) identically or differently, denote H or F,     preferably F.

The media according to the present invention can comprise one or more chiral dopants. Preferably these chiral dopants have an absolute value of the helical twisting power (HTP) in the range of from 1 μm⁻¹ to 150 μm⁻¹, preferably in the range of from 10 μm⁻¹ to 100 μm⁻¹. In case the media comprise two or more chiral dopants, these may have opposite signs of their HTP-values. This condition is preferred for some specific embodiments, as it allows to compensate the chirality of the respective compounds to some degree and, thus, may be used to compensate various temperature dependent properties of the resulting media in the devices. Generally, however, it is preferred that most, preferably all of the chiral compounds present in the media according to the present invention have the same sign of their HTP-values.

Preferably the chiral dopants present in the media according to the instant application are mesogenic compounds and most preferably they exhibit a mesophase on their own.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the medium comprises two or more chiral compounds which all have the same algebraic sign of the HTP.

The temperature dependence of the HTP of the individual compounds may be high or low. The temperature dependence of the pitch of the medium can be compensated by mixing compounds having different temperature dependencies of the HTP in corresponding ratios.

For the optically active component, a multitude of chiral dopants, some of which are commercially available, are available to the person skilled in the art, such as, for example, cholesteryl nonanoate, R- and S-811, R- and S-1011, R- and S-2011, R- and S-3011, R- and S-4011, or CB15 (all Merck KGaA, Darmstadt).

Particularly suitable dopants are compounds which contain one or more chiral groups and one or more mesogenic groups, or one or more aromatic or alicyclic groups which form a mesogenic group with the chiral group.

Suitable chiral groups are, for example, chiral branched hydrocarbon radicals, chiral ethane diols, binaphthols or dioxolanes, furthermore mono- or polyvalent chiral groups selected from the group consisting of sugar derivatives, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, lactic acids, chiral substituted glycols, steroid derivatives, terpene derivatives, amino acids or sequences of a few, preferably 1-5, amino acids.

Preferred chiral groups are sugar derivatives, such as glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, arabinose and dextrose; sugar alcohols, such as, for example, sorbitol, mannitol, iditol, galactitol or anhydro derivatives thereof, in particular dianhydrohexitols, such as dianhydrosorbide (1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-sorbide, isosorbide), dianhydromannitol (isosorbitol) or dianhydroiditol (isoiditol); sugar acids, such as, for example, gluconic acid, gulonic acid and ketogulonic acid; chiral substituted glycol radicals, such as, for example, mono- or oligoethylene or propylene glycols, in which one or more CH₂ groups are substituted by alkyl or alkoxy; amino acids, such as, for example, alanine, valine, phenylglycine or phenylalanine, or sequences of from 1 to 5 of these amino acids; steroid derivatives, such as, for example, cholesteryl or cholic acid radicals; terpene derivatives, such as, for example, menthyl, neomenthyl, campheyl, pineyl, terpineyl, isolongifolyl, fenchyl, carreyl, myrthenyl, nopyl, geraniyl, linaloyl, neryl, citronellyl or dihydrocitronellyl.

The media according to the present invention preferably comprise chiral dopants which are selected from the group of known chiral dopants. Suitable chiral groups and mesogenic chiral compounds are described, for example, in DE 34 25 503, DE 35 34 777, DE 35 34 778, DE 35 34 779 and DE 35 34780, DE 43 42 280, EP 01 038 941 and DE 195 41 820. Examples are also compounds listed in Table F below.

Chiral compounds preferably used according to the present invention are selected from the group consisting of the formulae shown below.

Particular preference is given to chiral dopants selected from the group consisting of compounds of the following formulae A-1 to A-III and A-Ch:

in which

-   R^(a11), R^(a12) and R^(b12), independently of one another, denote     alkyl having 1 to 15 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more     non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each be replaced, independently of one     another, by —C(R^(z))═C(R^(z))—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—     CO— or —O—CO—O— in such a way that 0 and/or S atoms are not linked     directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H     atoms may each be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, preferably alkyl,     more preferably n-alkyl, with the proviso that R^(a12) is different     from R^(b12) -   R^(a21) and R^(a22), independently of one another, denote alkyl     having 1 to 15 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more     non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each be replaced, independently of one     another, by —C(R^(z))═C(R^(z))—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—,     —O—CO— or —O—CO—O— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not     linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or     more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, preferably both     are alkyl, more preferably n-alkyl, -   R^(a31), R^(a32) and R^(b32), independently of one another, denote     straight-chain or branched alkyl having 1 to 15 C atoms, in which,     in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each be     replaced, independently of one another, by —C(R^(z))═C(R^(z)),     —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— or —O—CO—O— in such a way that     O and/or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in     which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl,     Br, I or CN, preferably alkyl, more preferably n-alkyl, with the     proviso that R^(a32) is different from R^(b32); -   R^(z) denotes H, CH₃, F, Cl, or CN, preferably H or F, -   R⁸ has one of the meanings of R^(a11) given above, preferably alkyl,     more preferably n-alkyl having 1 to 15 C atoms, -   Z⁸ denotes —C(O)O—, CH₂O, CF₂O or a single bond, preferably —C(O)O—, -   A¹¹ is defined as A¹² below, or alternatively denotes

-   A¹² denotes

-   -   preferably

-   -   in which     -   L¹² on each occurrence, independently of one another, denotes         halogen, CN, or alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or alkenyloxy having 1 to         12 C atoms and in which one or more H atoms are optionally         replaced with halogen, preferably methyl, ethyl, Cl or F,         particularly preferably F,

-   A²¹ denotes

-   A²² has the meanings given for A¹² -   A³¹ has the meanings given for A¹¹,     -   or alternatively denotes

-   A³² has the meanings given for A¹². -   n2 on each occurrence, identically or differently, is 0, 1 or 2, and -   n3 is 1, 2 or 3, and -   r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Particular preference is given to dopants selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the following formulae:

in which

-   m is, on each occurrence, identically or differently, an integer     from 1 to 9 and -   n is, on each occurrence, identically or differently, an integer     from 2 to 9.

Particularly preferred compounds of formula A are compounds of formula A-III.

Further preferred dopants are derivatives of the isosorbide, isomannitol or isoiditol of the following formula A-IV:

in which the group

is

preferably dianhydrosorbitol, and chiral ethane diols, such as, for example, diphenylethanediol (hydrobenzoin), in particular mesogenic hydrobenzoin derivatives of the following formula A-V:

including the (S,S) enantiomers, which are not shown, in which

-   -   are each, independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene, which may         also be mono-, di- or trisubstituted by L, or 1,4-cyclohexylene,

-   L is H, F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy,     alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1-7 carbon     atoms,

-   c is 0 or 1,

-   X is CH₂ or —C(O)—,

-   Z⁰ is —COO—, —OCO—, —CH₂CH₂— or a single bond, and

-   R⁰ is alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or     alkylcarbonyloxy having 1-12 carbon atoms.

Examples of compounds of formula IV are:

The compounds of the formula A-IV are described in WO 98/00428. The compounds of the formula A-V are described in GB-A-2,328,207.

Very particularly preferred dopants are chiral binaphthyl derivatives, as described in WO 02/94805, chiral binaphthol acetal derivatives, as described in WO 02/34739, chiral TADDOL derivatives, as described in WO 02/06265, and chiral dopants having at least one fluorinated bridging group and a terminal or central chiral group, as described in WO 02/06196 and WO 02/06195.

Particular preference is given to chiral compounds of the formula A-VI

in which

-   X¹, X², Y¹ and Y² are each, independently of one another, F, C, Br,     I, CN, SCN, SF₅, straight-chain or branched alkyl having from 1 to     25 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or     polysubstituted by F, C, Br, I or CN and in which, in addition, one     or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each, independently of one     another, be replaced by —O—, —S—, —NH—,     -   NR^(x)—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCOO—, —S—CO—, —CO—S—, —CH═CH— or         —C≡C— in such a way that O and/or S atoms are not bonded         directly to one another, a polymerisable group or cycloalkyl or         aryl having up to 20 carbon atoms, which may optionally be         monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, preferably F, or         by a polymerisable group, -   x¹ and x² are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2, -   y¹ and y² are each, independently of one another, 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, -   B¹ and B² are each, independently of one another, an aromatic or     partially or fully saturated aliphatic six-membered ring in which     one or more CH groups may each be replaced by N and one or more     non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each be replaced by 0 or S, -   W¹ and W² are each, independently of one another,     —Z¹-A¹-(Z²-A²)_(m)-R, and one of the two is alternatively R¹ or A³,     but both are not simultaneously H, or

is

-   U¹ and U² are each, independently of one another, CH₂, O, S, CO or     CS, -   V¹ and V² are each, independently of one another, (CH₂)_(n), in     which from one to four non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each be replaced     by O or S, and one of V¹ and V² and, in the case where

is

both are a single bond,

-   n is 1, 2 or 3 -   Z¹ and Z² are each, independently of one another, —O—, —S—, —CO—,     —COO—, —OCO—, —O—COO—, —CO—NR^(x)—, —NR^(x)—CO—, —O—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—,     —S—CH₂—, —CH₂—S—, —CF₂—O—, —O—CF₂—, —CF₂—S—, —S—CF₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—,     —CF₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CF₂—, —CF₂—CF₂—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —CH═CH—,     —CF═CH—, —CH═CF—, —CF═CF—, —C≡C—, a combination of two of these     groups, where no two O and/or S and/or N atoms are bonded directly     to one another, preferably —CH═CH—COO—, or —COO—CH═CH—, or a single     bond, -   R^(x) denotes alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms, -   A¹, A² and A³ are each, independently of one another, 1,4-phenylene,     in which one or two non-adjacent CH groups may each be replaced by     N, 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH₂ groups     may each be replaced by 0 or S, 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl,     1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene,     piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl,     decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or     1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, where each of these groups     may be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by L, and in addition A¹     can be a single bond, -   L is a halogen atom, preferably F, CN, NO₂, alkyl, alkoxy,     alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1-7 carbon     atoms, in which one or more H atoms may each be replaced by F or C, -   m is in each case, independently, 0, 1, 2 or 3, and -   R and R¹ are each, independently of one another, H, F, C, Br, I, CN,     SCN, SF₅, straight-chain or branched alkyl having from 1 or 3 to 25     carbon atoms respectively, which may optionally be monosubstituted     or polysubstituted by F, C, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more     non-adjacent CH₂ groups may each be replaced by —O—, —S—, —NH—,     —NRO—, —CO—, —COO—, —OCO—, —O—COO—, —SCO—, —CO—S—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—,     where no two O and/or S atoms are bonded directly to one another, or     a polymerisable group.

Particular preference is given to chiral binaphthyl derivatives of the formula A-VI-1

in which ring B, R⁰ and Z⁰ are as defined for the formulae A-IV and A-V, and b is 0, 1, or 2, in particular those selected from the following formulae A-VI-1a to A-VI-1c:

in which ring B, R⁰ and Z⁰ are as defined for the formula A-VI-1, and

-   R⁰ as defined for formula A-IV or H or alkyl having from 1 to 4     carbon atoms, and -   b is 0, 1 or 2, -   and Z⁰ is, in particular, —OC(O)— or a single bond.

The concentration of the one or more chiral dopant(s), in the LC medium is preferably in the range from 0.001% to 20%, particularly preferably from 0.05% to 5%, more preferably from 0.1% to 2%, and, most preferably from 0.5% to 1.5%. These preferred concentration ranges apply in particular to the chiral dopant S-4011 or R-4011 (both from Merck KGaA) and for chiral dopants having the same or a similar HTP. For Chiral dopants having either a higher or a lower absolute value of the HTP compared to S-4011 these preferred concentrations have to be decreased, respectively increased proportionally according to the ratio of their HTP values relatively to that of S-4011.

The pitch p of the LC media or host mixtures according to the invention is preferably in the range of from 5 to 50 m, more preferably from 8 to 30 m and particularly preferably from 10 to 20 m.

Preferably, the media according to the invention, comprise a stabiliser selected from the group of compounds of the formulae ST-1 to ST-18.

in which

-   R^(ST) denotes H, an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms,     where, in addition, one or more CH₂ groups in these radicals may     each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CF₂O—,     —OCF₂—, —CH═CH—,

—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by halogen,

denotes

-   Z^(ST) each, independently of one another, denote —CO—O—, —O— CO—,     —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —(CH₂)₄—,     —CH═CH—CH₂O—, —C₂F₄—, —CH₂CF₂—, —CF₂CH₂—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CF—, —CF═CH—,     —CH═CH—, —C≡C— or a single bond, -   L¹ and L² each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF₃ or     CHF₂, -   p denotes 1 or 2, -   q denotes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

Of the compounds of the formula ST, special preference is given to the compounds of the formulae

in which n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, preferably n=1 or 7

in which n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, preferably n=3

in which n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, preferably n=3

In the compounds of the formulae ST-3a and ST-3b, n preferably denotes 3. In the compounds of the formula ST-2a, n preferably denotes 7.

Very particularly preferred mixtures according to the invention comprise one or more stabilisers from the group of the compounds of the formulae ST-2a-1, ST-3a-1, ST-3b-1, ST-8-1, ST-9-1 and ST-12:

The compounds of the formulae ST-1 to ST-18 are preferably each present in the liquid-crystal mixtures according to the invention in amounts of 0.005-0.5%, based on the mixture.

If the mixtures according to the invention comprise two or more compounds from the group of the compounds of the formulae ST-1 to ST-18, the concentration correspondingly increases to 0.01-1% in the case of two compounds, based on the mixtures.

However, the total proportion of the compounds of the formulae ST-1 to ST-18, based on the mixture according to the invention, should not exceed 2%.

The compounds according to the present invention can be synthesized by or in analogy to known methods described in the literature (for example in the standard works such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), under reaction conditions which are known and suitable for said reactions. Use may also be made here of variants which are known per se, but are not mentioned here. In particular, they can be prepared as described in or in analogy to the following reaction schemes. Further methods for preparing the inventive compounds can be taken from the examples.

Other mesogenic compounds which are not explicitly mentioned above can optionally and advantageously also be used in the media in accordance with the present invention. Such compounds are known to the person skilled in the art.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the total concentration of compounds of formula T in the liquid-crystalline medium is 5% or more, preferably 10% or more, and particularly preferably 12% or more.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystalline media preferably comprise in total 3% to 35%, preferably 4% to 30% and particularly preferably 5% to 25% of compounds of formula T.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystalline media comprise in total 4% to 35%, preferably 5% to 30% and particularly preferably 6% to 25% of compounds of formula TA.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid-crystalline media comprise in total 5% to 50%, preferably 10% to 45% and particularly preferably 15% to 40% of compounds of formulae T and TA.

In a preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I, preferably of formula I-2 in a total concentration in the range of from 1% to 25%, more preferably from 2% to 20%, and particularly preferably from 5% to 15%.

In a preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I-3 in a total concentration in the range of from 1% to 20%, more preferably from 2% to 15%, and particularly preferably from 3% to 10%.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula II in a total concentration of 5% to 35%, more preferably 10% to 30%, particularly preferably 15% to 25%.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula II-1 in a total concentration of 5% to 25%, more preferably 10% to 25%, particularly preferably 15% to 20%.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula II-1 in an total concentration of 30% or less, more preferably 25% or less, particularly preferably 20% or less.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula III, preferably III-1, in a total concentration of 2% to 25%, more preferably 5% to 20%, particularly preferably 8% to 16%.

Further preferred embodiments of the present invention, taken alone or in combination with one another, are as follows, wherein some compounds are abbreviated using the acronyms given in Table C below:

-   -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula T-2;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula T-3;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula T-2 and         TA-1;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula T-3 and         TA-1;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula T-2 and/or         T-3 and/or T4 and one or more compounds of formula I and/or II         and/or Ill;     -   The medium comprises one, two, three, four or more compounds of         formula III-1, preferably selected from the compounds of the         formulae III-1b, III-1f and III-1h; more preferably of III-1b         and III-1h;     -   The medium comprises a compound of formula III-1h, preferably in         a total concentration in the range of from 2% to 30%, more         preferably 5% to 25%, in particular 10% to 20%;     -   The medium comprises the compound PPU-TO-S and PPTU-TO-S and/or         PTPU-TO-S;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula T and one         or more compounds of formula II-1, preferably in a total         concentration in the range of from 15% to 60%, more preferably         from 17% to 50%, particularly preferably from 20% to 45%;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I-3b,         preferably the compounds CPU-2-S and/or CPU-4-S;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I-3b and         formula II-1b, preferably the compounds CPU-2-S and/or CPU-4-S         and PTU-3-S and/or PTU-4-S and/or PTU-5-S;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula I-2d and         formula II-1b, preferably the compounds PGU-3-S and/or PGU-4-S         and PTU-3-S and/or PTU-4-S and/or PTU-5-S;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula PPTU-n-S         and/or PTPU-n-S in an total concentration in the range of from         10 to 20%;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula PPTU-n-S         and/or PTPU-n-S and PGTU-n-S in a total concentration in the         range of from 15 to 30%;     -   The medium comprises one or more compounds of formula ST-3,         preferably ST-3a and/or ST-3b, particularly preferably ST-3b-1,         in a total concentration in the range of from 0.01 to 1%,         preferably from 0.05 to 0.5%, particularly from 0.10 to 0.15%.

The liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention preferably have a clearing point of 90° C. or more, more preferably 100° C. or more, more preferably 110° C. or more, more preferably 120° C. or more, more preferably 130° C. or more, particularly preferably 140° C. or more and very particularly preferably 150° C. or more.

The liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention preferably have a clearing point of 160° C. or less, more preferably 140° C. or less, particularly preferably 120° C. or less, and very particularly preferably 100° C. or less.

The nematic phase of the media according to the invention preferably extends at least from 0° C. or less to 90° C. or more. It is advantageous for the media according to the invention to exhibit even broader nematic phase ranges, preferably at least from −10° C. or less to 120° C. or more, very preferably at least from −20° C. or less to 140° C. or more and in particular at least from −30° C. or less to 150° C. or more, very particularly preferably at least from −40° C. or less to 170° C. or more.

The Δε of the liquid-crystal medium according to the present invention, at 1 kHz and 20° C., is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 2 or more and very preferably 3 or more.

The birefringence (Δn) of the liquid-crystal media according to the present invention, at 589 nm (Na^(D)) and 20° C., is preferably 0.280 or more, more preferably 0.300 or more, even more preferably 0.320 or more, very preferably 0.330 or more and in particular 0.350 or more.

The Δn of the liquid-crystal media according to the present invention, at 589 nm (Na^(D)) and 20° C., is preferably in the range from 0.200 to 0.900, more preferably in the range from 0.250 to 0.800, even more preferably in the range from 0.300 to 0.700 and very particularly preferably in the range from 0.350 to 0.600.

In a preferred embodiment of the present application, the Δn of the liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention is preferably 0.50 or more, more preferably 0.55 or more.

The compounds of the formulae I to Ill in each case include dielectrically positive compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of greater than 3, dielectrically neutral compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of less than 3 and greater than −1.5 and dielectrically negative compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of −1.5 or less.

The compounds of the formulae I, and III are preferably dielectrically positive.

In the present application, the expression dielectrically positive describes compounds or components where Δε>3.0, dielectrically neutral describes those where −1.5 Δε<3.0 and dielectrically negative describes those where Δε<−1.5. Δε is determined at a frequency of 1 kHz and at 20° C. The dielectric anisotropy of the respective compound is determined from the results of a solution of 10% of the respective individual compound in a nematic host mixture. If the solubility of the respective compound in the host mixture is less than 10%, the concentration is reduced to 5%. The capacitances of the test mixtures are determined both in a cell having homeotropic alignment and in a cell having homogeneous alignment. The cell thickness of both types of cells is approximately 20 μm. The voltage applied is a rectangular wave having a frequency of 1 kHz and an effective value of typically 0.5 V to 1.0 V, but it is always selected to be below the capacitive threshold of the respective test mixture.

Δε is defined as (ε∥−ε⊥), while ε_(ave) is (ε∥+2ε⊥)/3. The host mixture used for the determination of physical constants of pure compounds by extrapolation is ZLI-4792 from Merck KGaA, Germany. The absolute values of the dielectric constants, the birefringence (Δn) and the rotational viscosity (γ₁) of the compounds are determined from the change in the respective values of the host mixture on addition of the compounds. The concentration in the host is 10% or in case of insufficient solubility 5%. The values are extrapolated to a concentration of 100% of the added compounds.

Components having a nematic phase at the measurement temperature of 20° C. are measured as such, all others are treated like compounds.

The expression threshold voltage in the present application refers to the optical threshold and is quoted for 10% relative contrast (V₁₀a), and the expression saturation voltage refers to the optical saturation and is quoted for 90% relative contrast (V₉₀), in both cases unless expressly stated otherwise. The capacitive threshold voltage (V₀), also called the Freedericks threshold (V^(Fr)), is only used if expressly mentioned.

The parameter ranges indicated in this application all include the limit values, unless expressly stated otherwise.

The different upper and lower limit values indicated for various ranges of properties in combination with one another give rise to additional preferred ranges.

Throughout this application, the following conditions and definitions apply, unless expressly stated otherwise. All concentrations are quoted in percent by weight and relate to the respective mixture as a whole, all temperatures are quoted in degrees Celsius and all temperature differences are quoted in differential degrees. All physical properties are determined in accordance with “Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals”, Status November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany, and are quoted for a temperature of 20° C., unless expressly stated otherwise. The optical anisotropy (Δn) is determined at a wavelength of 589.3 nm. The dielectric anisotropy (Δε) is determined at a frequency of 1 kHz. The threshold voltages, as well as all other electro-optical properties, are determined using test cells produced at Merck KGaA, Germany. The test cells for the determination of Δε have a cell thickness of approximately 20 μm. The electrode is a circular ITO electrode having an area of 1.13 cm² and a guard ring. The orientation layers are SE-1211 from Nissan Chemicals, Japan, for homeotropic orientation (ε∥) and polyimide AL-1054 from Japan Synthetic Rubber, Japan, for homogeneous orientation (ε⊥). The capacitances are determined using a Solatron 1260 frequency response analyser using a sine wave with a voltage of 0.3 V_(rms). The light used in the electro-optical measurements is white light. A set-up using a commercially available DMS instrument from Autronic-Melchers, Germany, is used here. The characteristic voltages have been determined under perpendicular observation. The threshold (V₁₀), mid-grey (V₅₀) and saturation (V₉₀) voltages have been determined for 10%, 50% and 90% relative contrast, respectively.

The liquid-crystalline media are investigated with respect to their properties in the microwave frequency range as described in A. Penirschke et al. “Cavity Perturbation Method for Characterization of Liquid Crystals up to 35 GHz”, 34^(th) European Microwave Conference—Amsterdam, pp. 545-548. Compare in this respect also A. Gaebler et al. “Direct Simulation of Material Permittivities . . . ”, 12MTC 2009 International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 2009 (IEEE), pp. 463-467, and DE 10 2004 029 429 A, in which a measurement method is likewise described in detail.

The liquid crystal is introduced into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or quartz capillary. The capillary has an inner diameter of 0.5 mm and an outer diameter of 0.78 mm. The effective length is 2.0 cm. The filled capillary is introduced into the centre of the cylindrical cavity with a resonance frequency of 19 GHz. This cavity has a length of 11.5 mm and a radius of 6 mm. The input signal (source) is then applied, and the frequency depending response of the cavity is recorded using a commercial vector network analyser (N5227A PNA Microwave Network Analyzer, Keysight Technologies Inc. USA. For other frequencies, the dimensions of the cavity are adapted correspondingly.

The change in the resonance frequency and the Q factor between the measurement with the capillary filled with the liquid crystal and the measurement without the capillary filled with the liquid crystal is used to determine the dielectric constant and the loss angle at the corresponding target frequency by means of equations 10 and 11 in the above-mentioned publication A. Penirschke et al., 34^(th) European Microwave Conference—Amsterdam, pp. 545-548, as described therein.

The values for the components of the properties perpendicular and parallel to the director of the liquid crystal are obtained by alignment of the liquid crystal in a magnetic field. To this end, the magnetic field of a permanent magnet is used. The strength of the magnetic field is 0.35 tesla.

Preferred components are phase shifters, varactors, wireless and radio wave antenna arrays, matching circuit adaptive filters and others.

In the present application, the term compounds is taken to mean both one compound and a plurality of compounds, unless expressly stated otherwise.

The liquid-crystal media according to the invention preferably have nematic phases in preferred ranges given above. The expression have a nematic phase here means on the one hand that no smectic phase and no crystallisation are observed at low temperatures at the corresponding temperature and on the other hand that no clearing occurs on heating from the nematic phase. At high temperatures, the clearing point is measured in capillaries by conventional methods. The investigation at low temperatures is carried out in a flow viscometer at the corresponding temperature and checked by storage of bulk samples: The storage stability in the bulk (LTS) of the media according to the invention at a given temperature T is determined by visual inspection. 2 g of the media of interest are filled into a closed glass vessel (bottle) of appropriate size placed in a refrigerator at a predetermined temperature. The bottles are checked at defined time intervals for the occurrence of smectic phases or crystallisation. For every material and at each temperature two bottles are stored. If crystallisation or the appearance of a smectic phase is observed in at least one of the two correspondent bottles the test is terminated and the time of the last inspection before the one at which the occurrence of a higher ordered phase is observed is recorded as the respective storage stability. The test is finally terminated after 1000 h, i.e an LTS value of 1000 h means that the mixture is stable at the given temperature for at least 1000 h.

The liquid crystals employed preferably have a positive dielectric anisotropy. This is preferably 2 or more, preferably 4 or more, particularly preferably 6 or more and very particularly preferably 10 or more.

Furthermore, the liquid-crystal media according to the invention are characterised by high anisotropy values in the microwave range. The birefringence at about 19 GHz is, for example, preferably 0.14 or more, particularly preferably 0.15 or more, particularly preferably 0.20 or more, particularly preferably 0.25 or more and very particularly preferably 0.30 or more.

In addition, the birefringence is preferably 0.80 or less.

The dielectric anisotropy in the microwave range is defined as Δε_(r)≡(ε_(r,∥)−ε_(r,⊥)) The tunability (τ) is defined as τ≡(Δε_(r)/ε_(r,∥)).

The material quality (τ) is defined as η≡(τ/tan δ_(ε,rmax)), where the maximum dielectric loss is tan δ_(ε,rmax)≡max.{tan δ_(εr,⊥); tan δ_(εr,∥)}.

The tunability τ of the medium according to the invention, measured at 20° C. and 19 GHz is 0.250 or more, preferably 0.300 or more, 0.310 or more, 0.320 or more, 0.330 or more, or 0.340 or more, very preferably 0.345 or more and in particular 0.350 or more.

The material quality (η) of the preferred liquid-crystal materials is 6 or more, preferably 8 or more, preferably 10 or more, preferably 15 or more, preferably 17 or more, preferably 20 or more, particularly preferably 25 or more and very particularly preferably 30 or more.

In the corresponding components, the preferred liquid-crystal materials have phase shifter qualities of 15°/dB or more, preferably 20°/dB or more, preferably 30/dB or more, preferably 40°/dB or more, preferably 50°/dB or more, particularly preferably 80/dB or more and very particularly preferably 100°/dB or more.

In some embodiments, however, liquid crystals having a negative value of the dielectric anisotropy can also advantageously be used.

The liquid crystals employed are either individual substances or mixtures. They preferably have a nematic phase.

The liquid-crystal media in accordance with the present invention may comprise further additives and chiral dopants in the usual concentrations.

The total concentration of these further constituents is in the range from 0% to 10%, preferably 0.1% to 6%, based on the mixture as a whole. The concentrations of the individual compounds used are each preferably in the range from 0.1% to 3%. The concentration of these and similar additives is not taken into consideration when quoting the values and concentration ranges of the liquid-crystal components and liquid-crystal compounds of the liquid-crystal media in this application.

Preferably the media according to the present invention comprise one or more chiral compounds as chiral dopants in order to adjust their cholesteric pitch. Their total concentration in the media according to the instant invention is preferably in the range 0.05% to 15%, more preferably from 1% to 10% and most preferably from 2% to 6%.

Optionally the media according to the present invention may comprise further liquid crystal compounds in order to adjust the physical properties. Such compounds are known to the expert. Their concentration in the media according to the instant invention is preferably 0% to 30%, more preferably 0.1% to 20% and most preferably 1% to 15%.

The response times are given as rise time (τ_(on)) for the time for the change of the relative tuning, respectively of the relative contrast for the electro-optical response, from 0% to 90% (t₉₀−t₀), i.e. including the delay time (t₁₀−t₀), as decay time (τ_(off)) for the time for the change of the relative tuning, respectively of the relative contrast for the electro-optical response, from 100% back to 10% (t₁₀₀−t₁₀) and as the total response time (τ_(total)=τ_(on)+τ_(off)), respectively.

The liquid-crystal media according to the invention consist of a plurality of compounds, preferably 3 to 30, more preferably 4 to 20 and very preferably 4 to 16 compounds. These compounds are mixed in a conventional manner. In general, the desired amount of the compound used in the smaller amount is dissolved in the compound used in the larger amount. If the temperature is above the clearing point of the compound used in the higher concentration, it is particularly easy to observe completion of the dissolution process. It is, however, also possible to prepare the media in other conventional ways, for example using so-called pre-mixes, which can be, for example, homologous or eutectic mixtures of compounds, or using so-called “multibottle” systems, the constituents of which are themselves ready-to-use mixtures.

Above and below, all temperatures, such as, for example, the melting point T(C,N) or T(C,S), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I) of the liquid crystals, are quoted in degrees Celsius. All temperature differences are quoted in differential degrees.

In the present invention and especially in the following examples, the structures of the mesogenic compounds are indicated by means of abbreviations, also referred to as acronyms. In these acronyms, the chemical formulae are abbreviated as follows using Tables A to D below. All groups C_(n)H_(2n+1), C_(m)H_(2m+1) and C_(l)H_(2n−1) or C_(n)H_(2n−1), C_(m)H_(2m−1) and C_(l)H_(2l−1) denote straight-chain alkyl or alkenyl, preferably 1-E-alkenyl, respectively, in each case having n, m or I C atoms. Table A lists the codes used for the ring elements of the core structures of the compounds, while Table B shows the linking groups. Table C gives the meanings of the codes for the left-hand or right-hand end groups. Table D shows illustrative structures of compounds with their respective abbreviations.

TABLE A Ring elements C

D

Dl

A

Al

G

Gl

U

Ul

Y

M

Ml

N

Nl

Np

N3f

N3fl

tH

tHl

tH2f

tH2fl

dH

K

Kl

L

Ll

F

Fl

P

P(n,m)

P(o)

Pl(o)

P(i3)

Pl(ic3)

P(t4)

Pl(t4)

P(c3)

Pl(c3)

P(c4)

Pl(c4)

P(c5)

Pl(c5)

P(e5)

Pl(e5)

P(c6)

Pl(c6)

P(e6)

Pl(e6)

Gl(o)

in which o = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 G(o)

in which o = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 Gl(i3)

G(i3)

Gl(t4)

G(t4)

Gl(c3)

G(c3)

Gl(c4)

G(c4)

Gl(c5)

G(c5)

Gl(e5)

G(e5)

Gl(c6)

G(c6)

Gl(e6)

G(e6)

Np(1,4)

Th

TABLE B Linking groups E —CH₂CH₂— Z —CO—O— V —CH═CH— ZI —O—CO— X —CF═CH— O —CH₂—O— XI —CH═CF— OI —O—CH₂— B —CF═CF— Q —CF₂—O— T —C≡C— QI —O—CF₂— W —CF₂CF₂— End groups Left-hand side Right-hand side Used alone -n- C_(n)H_(2n+1)— -n —C_(n)H_(2n+1) -nO- C_(n)H_(2n+1)—O— -On —O—C_(n)H_(2n+1) —V— CH₂═CH— —V —CH═CH₂ -nV- C_(n)H_(2n+1)—CH═CH— -nV —C_(n)H_(2n)—CH═CH₂ -Vn- CH₂═CH—C_(n)H_(2n+1)— -Vn —CH═CH—C_(n)H_(2n+1) -nVm- C_(n)H_(2n+1)—CH═CH—C_(m)H_(2m)— -nVm —C_(n)H_(2n)—CH═CH—C_(m)H_(2m+1) —N— N≡C— —N —C≡N —S— S═C═N— —S —N═C═S —F— F— —F —F —CL— Cl— —CL —Cl -M- CFH₂— -M —CFH₂ -D- CF₂H— -D —CF₂H -T- CF₃— -T —CF₃ -MO- CFH₂O— -OM —OCFH₂ -DO- CF₂HO— -OD —OCF₂H -TO- CF₃O— -OT —OCF₃ -FXO- CF₂═CH—O— -OXF —O—CH═CF₂ -A- H—C≡C— -A —C≡C—H -nA- C_(n)H_(2n+1)—C≡C— -An —C≡C—C_(n)H_(2n+1) -NA- N≡C—C≡C— -AN —C≡C—C≡N Used in combination with others - . . . A . . . - —C≡C— - . . . A . . . —C≡C— - . . . V . . . - —CH═CH— - . . . V . . . —CH═CH— - . . . Z . . . - —CO—O— - . . . Z . . . —CO—O— - . . . ZI . . . - —O—CO— - . . . ZI . . . —O—CO— - . . . K . . . - —CO— - . . . K . . . —CO— - . . . W . . . - —CF═CF— - . . . W . . . —CF═CF— in which n and m each denote integers, and the three dots “ . . . ” are placeholders for other abbreviations from this table.

The following table shows illustrative structures together with their respective abbreviations. These are shown in order to illustrate the meaning of the rules for the abbreviations. They furthermore represent compounds which are preferably used.

TABLE C Illustrative structures The following illustrative structures are compounds, which are preferably additionally used in the media:

PG-n-S

PU-n-S

PPG-n-S

PGG-n-S

PPU-n-S

GGP-n-S

PGU-n-S

CPG-n-S

CGG-n-S

CPU-n-S

CGU-n-S

PVG-n-S

PVU-n-S

PTG-n-S

PTU-n-S

P(2)TU-n-S

PI(2)TU-n-S

PTP(1)-n-S

PTP(1,1)-n-S

PTU-Vn-OT

ThU-n-S

ThTU-n-S

PPTG-n-S

PGTG-n-S

PPTU-n-S

PTPU-n-S

PTPI(c3)TU-n-F

PTPI(2)WU-n-F

PTPI(2)GU-n-F

PTG(c3)TU-n-F

PTN(1,4)TP-n-F

PGP-n-m

PGP-F-OT

PGP-n-mV

PGP-n-mVI

PYP-n-m

GGP-n-F

GGP-n-CL

GGP-n-m

PGIGI-n-F

PGIGI-n-CL

PGU-n-F

PGU-n-CL

PGU-n-OT

PPU-T-S

PPU-TO-S

PPTU-TO-S

PP(n)TU-TO-S

PTPU-TO-S

PTPTU-TO-S

PPTUI-n-m

PPTY-n-m

PGGP-n-m

PGIGP-n-m

PGIGP-n-Om

PGIGP-nO-m

PYGP-n-m

GGPP-n-m

PPGU-n-F

PPGU-Vn-F

CPTP-n-m

CPPC-n-m

CGPC-n-m

CCZPC-n-m

CPGP-n-m

CPGP-n-mV

CPGP-n-mVI

CGU-n-F

CCPU-n-F

CCGU-n-F

CPGU-n-F

CPGU-n-OT

PUQU-n-F

PGUQU-n-F

DPGU-n-F

DPGU-n-OT

APGP-n-m in which m and n, identically or differently, are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.

Preferably, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds selected from the compounds of Table C.

The following table, Table D, shows illustrative compounds which can be used as alternative stabilisers in the mesogenic media in accordance with the present invention. The total concentration of these and similar compounds in the media is preferably 5% or less.

TABLE D

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesogenic media comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds from Table D.

The following table, Table E, shows illustrative compounds which can preferably be used as chiral dopants in the mesogenic media in accordance with the present invention.

TABLE E

C 15

CB 15

CM 21

CM 44

CM 45

CM 47

CC

CN

R/S-811

R/S-1011

R/S-2011

R/S-3011

R/S-4011

R/S-5011

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mesogenic media comprise one or more compounds selected from the group of the compounds of Table E.

The mesogenic media in accordance with the present application preferably comprise two or more, preferably four or more, compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds from the above tables.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the present invention without limiting it in any way.

It is clear to the person skilled in the art from the physical properties what properties can be achieved and in what ranges they can be modified. In particular, the combination of the various properties which can preferably be achieved is thus well defined for the person skilled in the art.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLES Synthesis Example 1: 1,3-difluoro-2-isothiocyanato-5-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]phenylethynyl]benzene Step 1: 1-Bromo-2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]benzene

Tetrakis-(triphenylphosphin)-palladium-(0) (2.0 g; 1.7 mmol) is added to a mixture of 1-bromo-4-iodo-2-methyl-benzene (50.5 g, 170 mmol) and sodium carbonate (43.2 g, 408 mmol) in toluene (250 mL) and water (150 mL) at 80° C., followed by dropwise addition of a solution of [4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]boronic acid (35.0 g, 170 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux temperature overnight. Then it is quenched with water and MTB-ether. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted with MTB-ether, and the combined organic phases are washed with water, dried (sodium sulphate) and concentrated i. vac. The residue is purified by flash chromatography (heptane) to give 1-bromo-2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]benzene as a colourless oil.

Step 2: 2,6-Difluoro-4-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-phenylethynyl]aniline

1-Bromo-2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]benzene (52.2 g, 158 mmol), 4-ethynyl-2,6-difluoro-aniline (23.0 g, 150 mmol) and diisopropylamine (360 mL) are dissolved in THE (400 mL) and heated to 70° C. under nitrogen. XPhos PD G2 (236 mg, 0.30 mmol), XPhos (143 mg, 0.30 mmol) and copper(I)-iodide (29 mg, 0.15 mmol) are added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at 70° C. overnight. It is filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography (heptane/MTB-ether 5/1) to give 2,6-difluoro-4-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]phenylethynyl]aniline, which is crystallized (heptane/ethanol 3/1) to give the pure product as beige crystals.

Step 3:1,3-Difluoro-2-isothiocyanato-5-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]phenylethynyl]benzene

Alternative 1: A solution of 2,6-difluoro-4-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]phenylethynyl]aniline (3.2 g, 8 mmol) in dichloromethane (35 mL) and DMF (1.2 mL, 16 mmol) is treated with 1,1-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (3.0 g, 16 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight at 28° C., then a second portion of 1,1-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (1.5 g, 8 mmol) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred overnight. It is concentrated i. vac. and purified by flash chromatography (heptane/MTB 5/1) followed by crystallization from heptane to give 1,3-difluoro-2-isothiocyanato-5-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl]phenylethynyl]benzene.

Alternative 2:

To a mixture of 2,6-difluoro-4-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]phenylethynyl]aniline (48.0 g, 119 mmol) and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (33.4 g, 298 mmol) in dichloromethane (450 mL) thiophosgene (10.3 mL, 131 mmol) is added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1 h at room temperature. It is hydrolyzed with saturated NaC-solution. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted with dichloromethane, and the combined organic phases are washed with water, dried (sodium sulphate) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography (heptane) to give 1,3-difluoro-2-isothiocyanato-5-[2-methyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]phenylethynyl]benzene as a yellow solid. Final crystallization (heptane) gives colourless crystals.

Phase sequence K79 N185 I

Δε=3.60

Δn=0.4300

γ₁=862 mPa s

In analogy to Synthesis Example 1 the following compounds are obtained:

No. Compound 2

Phase sequence K 72 I Δε = 2.67 Δn = 0.3021 γ₁ = 50 mPa s 3

Phase sequence K 82 I Δε = 1.35 Δn = 0.3179 4

Phase sequence K 62 I Δε = 2.51 Δn = 0.2584 γ₁ = 62 mPa s 5

6

7

8

9

Phase sequence K 102 N 217 I Δε = 4.10 Δn = 0.4390 γ₁ = 749 mPa s 10

11

12

13

14

Phase sequence K 99 N 168 I Δε = 1.72 Δn = 0.4209 γ₁ = 593 mPa s 15

Phase sequence K 130 N 168 I Δε = 1.52 Δn = 0.4249 γ₁ = 978 mPa s 16

17

18

19

Phase sequence K 102 N 217 I Δε = 4.10 Δn = 0.4390 γ₁ = 749 mPa s 20

Phase sequence K 84 I Δε = 2.10 Δn = 0.3270 γ₁ = 437 mPa s 21

Phase sequence K 85 N 130 I Δε = 4.70 Δn = 0.3890 γ₁ = 1070 mPa s 22

Phase sequence K 118 N (114) I Δε = 4.70 Δn = 0.3890 γ₁ = 1070 mPa s 23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Phase sequence K 97 N 212 I Δε = 2.50 Δn = 0.4250 γ₁ = 454 mPa s 32

Phase sequence K 106 N 176 I Δε = 3.52 Δn = 0.4049 γ₁ = 832 mPa s 33

34

35

Phase sequence K 65 N 172 I Δε = 3.09 Δn = 0.4086 γ₁ = 623 mPa s 36

Phase sequence K 143 I Δε = 2.12 Δn = 0.3589 37

Phase sequence K 140 N 297 (decomp.) Δε = 4.52 Δn = 0.4889 γ₁ = 2133 mPa s

MIXTURE EXAMPLES

Liquid-crystal mixtures N1 to N51 having the compositions and properties as indicated in the following tables are prepared and characterized with respect to their general physical properties and their applicability in microwave components at 19 GHz and 2000. The mixture components are given as acronyms according to Tables A to C above. The individual proportions are % by weight.

Mixture N1

PTU-3-S 9.0 T_((N,l)) [° C.]: 161.5 PTU-5-S 9.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.347 PPTU-4-S 8.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7237 PPTU-5-S 8.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4320 PGTU-4-S 8.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0058 PGU-3-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0105 PPU-TO-S 15.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.0 CPTU-4-S 8.0 CPTU-5-S 12.0 PPTU-TO-S 7.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 10.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N2

PTU-3-S 9.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 155 PTU-5-S 9.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.342 PPTU-4-S 8.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7961 PPTU-5-S 8.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4997 PGTU-4-S 8.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0059 PGU-3-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0107 PPU-TO-S 15.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 32.0 CPTU-4-S 8.0 CPTU-5-S 12.0 PPTU-TO-S 7.0 ThTU-5-S 10.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N3

PTU-3-S 10.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 158.5 PTU-5-S 10.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.346 PPTU-4-S 8.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7593 PPTU-5-S 11.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4601 PGTU-4-S 8.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0061 PGU-3-S 10.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0113 PPU-TO-S 20.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 30.6 CPTU-5-S 13.0 PPTU-TO-S 10.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N4

PTU-3-S 10.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 162.5 PTU-5-S 10.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.343 PPTU-4-S 8.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7299 PPTU-5-S 10.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4499 PGTU-4-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0060 PPU-TO-S 24.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0104 CPTU-4-S 8.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.0 CPTU-5-S 14.0 PPTU-TO-S 10.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N5

PTU-3-S 10.0 PTU-5-S 10.0 PPTU-4-S 6.0 PPTU-5-S 12.0 PGU-3-S 14.0 PPU-TO-S 20.0 CPTU-4-S 20.0 PPTU-TO-S 8.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N6

PTU-3-S 10.0 PTU-5-S 10.0 PPTU-4-S 6.0 PPTU-5-S 12.0 PGU-3-S 14.0 PPU-TO-S 24.0 CPTU-4-S 12.0 PGTU-4-S 6.0 PPTU-TO-S 6.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N7

PTU-3-S 10.0 PTU-5-S 10.0 PPTU-4-S 6.0 PPTU-5-S 12.0 PGU-3-S 14.0 PPU-TO-S 20.0 PGTU-4-S 5.0 PGTU-5-S 5.0 PPTU-TO-S 5.0 PTPU-4-S 13.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N8

PTU-3-S 10.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 157 PTU-5-S 10.0 LTS bulk [h, −30° C.]: 816 PPTU-4-S 6.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.342 PPTU-5-S 10.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7408 PGU-3-S 14.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4605 PPU-TO-S 22.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0061 CPTU-4-S 8.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0110 CPTU-5-S 12.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 31.1 PPTU-TO-S 8.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N9

PTU-3-S 8.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 159 PTU-5-S 8.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.346 PPTU-4-S 6.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7178 PPTU-5-S 10.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4300 PGTU-4-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0057 PGU-3-S 8.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0102 PPU-TO-S 15.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.9 CPTU-4-S 8.0 CPTU-5-S 15.0 ThTU-5-S 10.0 PPTU-TO-S 6.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N10

PTU-3-S 9.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 162 PTU-5-S 9.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.347 PPTU-4-S 6.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7249 PPTU-5-S 12.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4309 PGTU-4-S 7.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0058 PGU-3-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0104 PPU-TO-S 15.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.4 CPTU-4-S 8.0 CPTU-5-S 12.0 PPTU-TO-S 6.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 10.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N11

PTU-3-S 9.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.350 PTU-5-S 9.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7285 PPTU-4-S 6.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4236 PPTU-5-S 12.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0058 PGTU-4-S 7.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0104 PGU-3-S 6.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.7 PPU-TO-S 15.0 CPTU-4-S 9.0 CPTU-5-S 9.0 PPTU-TO-S 6.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 12.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N12

PTU-3-S 9.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.351 PTU-5-S 9.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7247 PPTU-4-S 6.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4157 PPTU-5-S 12.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0058 PGTU-4-S 7.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0104 PGU-3-S 6.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.8 PPU-TO-S 15.0 CPTU-4-S 8.0 CPTU-5-S 8.0 PPTU-TO-S 6.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 14.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N13

PTU-3-S 9.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 160 PTU-5-S 9.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.348 PPTU-4-S 6.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7894 PPTU-5-S 12.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4700 PGTU-4-S 7.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0059 PGU-3-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0108 PPU-TO-S 15.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 32.2 CPTU-4-S 7.0 CPTU-5-S 7.0 PPTU-TO-S 6.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 16.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N14

PTU-3-S 9.0 PTU-5-S 9.0 PPTU-4-S 6.0 PPTU-5-S 12.0 PGTU-4-S 7.0 PGU-3-S 6.0 PPU-TO-S 11.0 CPTU-4-S 8.0 CPTU-5-S 12.0 PPTU-TO-S 8.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 12.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N15

PTU-3-S 10.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 160.6 PTU-5-S 10.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.346 PPTU-4-S 8.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7603 PPTU-5-S 10.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4585 PGTU-4-S 10.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0057 PPU-TO-S 10.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0104 CPTU-4-S 8.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.3 CPTU-5-S 12.0 PPTU-TO-S 10.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 12.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N16

PTU-3-S 10.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 161 PTU-5-S 10.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.350 PPTU-4-S 10.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7728 PPTU-5-S 10.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4528 PGTU-4-S 10.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0057 PPU-TO-S 10.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0104 CPTU-4-S 10.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 33.7 CPTU-5-S 10.0 PPTU-TO-S 10.0 PP(1)TU-TO-S 10.0 Σ 100.0 Mixture N17

PTU-3-S 10.0 T(N, l) [° C.]: 153 PTU-5-S 10.0 τ [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.340 PPTU-4-S 6.0 ε_(r,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 3.7400 PPTU-5-S 10.0 ε_(r,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 2.4679 PGU-3-S 6.0 tan δ_(εr,∥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0060 PPU-TO-S 22.0 tan δ_(εr,⊥) [20° C., 19 GHz]: 0.0106 CPTU-4-S 8.0 η [20° C., 19 GHz]: 32.1 CPTU-5-S 12.0 PPTU-TO-S 8.0 PP(2)TU-TO-S 8.0 Σ 100.0

The liquid-crystalline media according to the invention exhibit high clearing temperatures in combination with very good LTS and excellent microwave application relevant properties.

In a preferred embodiment the media according to the present invention comprise a stabiliser.

The following Mixtures N18 to N34 are obtained from the mixtures N1 to 10 N17 using the stabiliser ST-3b-1 in the amounts given in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Mixture Example Host Mixture c(ST-3b-1) [%] N18 N1  0.12 N19 N2  0.90 N20 N3  0.10 N21 N4  0.11 N22 N5  0.12 N23 N6  0.13 N24 N7  0.12 N25 N8  0.12 N26 N9  0.12 N27 N10 0.12 N28 N11 0.13 N29 N12 0.14 N30 N13 0.15 N31 N14 0.17 N32 N15 0.10 N33 N16 0.10 N34 N17 0.10

The following Mixtures N29 to N42 are obtained from the mixtures N1 to N14 using the stabiliser ST-3a-1 in the amounts given in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Mixture Example Host Mixture c(ST-3b-1) [%] N35 N1  0.12 N36 N2  0.90 N37 N3  0.10 N38 N4  0.11 N39 N5  0.12 N40 N6  0.13 N41 N7  0.12 N42 N8  0.12 N43 N9  0.12 N44 N10 0.12 N45 N11 0.13 N46 N12 0.14 N47 N13 0.15 N48 N14 0.17 N49 N15 0.12 N50 N16 0.12 N51 N17 0.12

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

The entire disclosure[s] of all applications, patents and publications, cited herein and of corresponding EP Patent Application No. 19171815, filed Apr. 30, 2019, is [are] incorporated by reference herein.

The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula T

in which R^(T) denotes halogen, CN, NCS, R^(F), R^(F)—O— or R^(F)—S—, wherein R^(F) denotes fluorinated alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 12 C atoms,

on each occurrence, independently of one another, denote

where

alternatively denote

in which one or two H atoms, identically or differently, are optionally replaced by a radical L¹; L¹ and L² identically or differently, denote F, Cl straight chain alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl having 3 to 12 C atoms or alkenyl having 2 to 12 C atoms; Z^(T1), Z^(T2) identically or differently, denote —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CF—, —CF═CH—, —C≡C— or a single bond, wherein at least one of Z^(T1) and Z^(T2) denotes —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —CH═CF—, —CF═CH— or —C≡C—, and t is 0 or
 1. 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Z^(T1) and Z^(T2) denote a single bond or —C≡C— and wherein at least one of Z^(T1) and Z^(T2) denotes —C≡C—.
 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the compounds of the formulae T-1 to T-4

in which L¹¹ and L¹² identically or differently, denote H, F, Cl, methyl or ethyl, L¹³, L¹⁴ and L¹⁵ identically or differently, denote H, F, Cl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclopentenyl, R^(T) denotes halogen, CN, NCS, R^(F), R^(F)—O— or R^(F)—S—, wherein R^(F) denotes fluorinated alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms or fluorinated alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R^(T) denotes CF₃ or CF₃O.
 5. A liquid crystal medium comprising one or more compounds of formula T according to claim
 1. 6. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 5, wherein the medium further comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae I, II and III,

in which R¹ denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15 C atoms, in which one or more CH₂-groups are optionally replaced by

n is 0, 1 or 2,

on each occurrence, independently of one another, denote

in which R^(L), on each occurrence identically or differently, denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms, and wherein

alternatively denotes

R² denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15 C atoms, in which one or more CH₂-groups are optionally replaced by

Z²¹ denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or and

independently of one another, denote

in which R^(L), on each occurrence identically or differently, denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms; R³ denotes H, unfluorinated alkyl or unfluorinated alkoxy having 1 to 17 C atoms, or unfluorinated alkenyl, unfluorinated alkenyloxy or unfluorinated alkoxyalkyl having 2 to 15 C atoms, in which one or more CH₂-groups are optionally replaced by

one of Z^(3′) and Z³², denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or —C≡C— and the other one, independently thereof, denotes trans-CH═CH—, trans-CF═CF— or a single bond, and

independently of one another, denote

in which R^(L), on each occurrence identically or differently, denotes H or alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms, and wherein

alternatively denotes


7. The liquid-crystal medium according to claim 6, wherein the medium comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae I-1 to I-5:

in which L¹, L² and L³ on each occurrence, identically or differently, denote H or F, and R¹,

have the meanings given for formula I in claim
 6. 8. The liquid-crystal medium according to claim 6, wherein the medium comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae II-1 to II-3:

in which R²,

have the meanings given in claim 6 for formula II.
 9. The liquid-crystal medium according to claim 6, wherein the medium comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of the formulae III-1 to III-6:

in which R³,

have the meanings given in claim 6 for formula III, and Z³¹ and Z³² independently of one another, denote trans-CH═CH— or trans-CF═CF—, and in formula III-6 alternatively one of Z³¹ and Z³² may denote —C≡C—.
 10. The liquid-crystal medium according to claim 5, wherein the medium further comprises one or more compounds of formula TA:

in which t is 0 or 1 and R^(T)

have the meanings given for formula T.
 11. The liquid-crystal medium according to claim 5, wherein the medium further comprises one or more chiral compounds.
 12. The liquid-crystal medium according to claim 5, wherein the clearing temperature of the medium is 90° C. or more.
 13. A component for high-frequency technology, which comprises the liquid crystal medium according to claim
 5. 14. The component according to claim 13, wherein the component is a liquid-crystal based antenna element, a phase shifter, a tunable filter, a tunable metamaterial structure, a matching network or a varactor.
 15. A microwave antenna array, which comprises one or more components according to claim
 13. 